What is Statistics Data: The facts which can be numerically-measured are studied in Statistics. We can not apply statistical methods to...
What is Statistics Data:
The facts which can be numerically-measured are studied in Statistics. We can
not apply statistical methods to the attributes such as beauty, skin color and
wisdom etc. until numerical 'values are not allotted to them. Numerical
measurement of some characteristic is known as observation and collection of
observations is termed as data.
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| What is Primary data and Secondary data |
b) Secondary data.
(a) Primary Data:
Initially collected data in its first creative form which is not
tabulated, classified or changed into any other form is called primary data. It is
also known as raw data or subgroup data.
For example:
(i) data collected by NADRA to issue computerized identity cards.
(ii) data collected from students
who want admit themselves in an institute
(iii) Census returns sent to the department.
Methods are used to collect primary data.
(i) Direct personal inquiry:
In this method all required information are obtained
from the concerned individual directly. For example asking different questions
from candidates who want to get admission in Statistics department at a
university. If interviewing is adequate, it gives precise and reliable results. It is
suitable 'in small experiments and cannot be used on large scale. It requires
much time.
(ii) Indirect personal inquiry:
in this method all required information are
Obtained from the individual other than concerned. For example asking different
questions from the parents of a woman who is going to be married. This method
is used when informants shy to respond for any reason. It is less precise and
reliable than direct method. Selection Of suitable person other than the
concerned is difficult. Views of concerned may differ from the person who is
(iii) Questionnaire method:
A method of collecting data in which a questionnaire
form is prepared and forwarded to the informants. They fill all the entries and
return them to the relevant department. The accuracy of information depends
upon the knowledge Of informants and feelings about the responsibility. This
method is much cheaper and can be used on the large scale. The
disadvantages can be minimized by sending the instructions with the
questionnaire. It is widely used in government offices.
(iv) Through local sources:
In this method required information are collected
through the local sources,
For example patwari sends report about the land
under cultivation and per acre yield etc. Counselor reports about the sanitation
system, cleanliness Of his mohallah or town etc. They provide information
according to their own judgments. It is subjective metnod and provides only
estimates. It is difficult to check reliability of estimates.
(v) Collection through enumerators:
In this method data is collected through
trained enumerators. They get questionnaire forms from the department, go to
the informants door to door and fill them by asking questions written in the form.
This method is much precise and smaller non response than other methods.
This method is widely used like population census.
(b)SECONDARY DATA:
Primary data changed into any other form according to the requirement of the
investigator is known as secondary data. Secondary data is not collected but it
is obtained by changing the creative form of primary data. Census report
released by the department is an example of secondary data. Important sources
from where secondary data may be collected are:
(i) Government offices for example
bureau of Statistics
(ii) Semi-Government offices for example PIA, Banks etc
(iii) Publications of
research organizations
(iv) Journals, magazines and news papers etc.
EXPLANATION OF
The sign is capital sigma of Greek alphabet, It is usually used to denote the
n is read as summation x, where "i"
sum of values and read as summation.
ranges from I to n i.e sum of first "n" values,
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