Statistics Presentation of Data and its type and methods|what is Tabulation

Presentation of Data The raw data / ungrouped data, arranged and reduced which is easy to understand. analyze and interpret is known as...

Presentation of Data

The raw data / ungrouped data, arranged and reduced which is

easy to understand. analyze and interpret is known as presentation of data.

Methods of representing of Statistical data are:

Statistics  Presentation

Presentation of Data

• 1 Classification
• 2 Tabulation
• 3 Graphs
• 1 Histogram
   2 Frequency polygon
   3 Cumulative frequency polygon
   4 Frequency curve
• 4 Diagrams or Charts
• 1 Cumulative Frequency Curve
  2 Pie chart
  3 Component bar chart
  4 Simple bar chart
  5 Multiple bar chart

Classification

The process of arranging a set of observations or objects into homogeneous

classes or categories according to some common characteristics is known as

classification.

For example sorting letters in a post office city wise. town wise or

mohallah wise etc. It is further subdivided into some main types which are

known as bases or phases of classification.

(i) Qualitative Classification:

The process of arranging data or objects

into different mutually exclusive classes or categories by some quality e.g

intelligence, beauty and kindness etc is qualitative classification.

(ii) Quantitative classification:

 Arrangement of data or objects according

to some quantity obtained by measurement e.g height, weight, temperature,

Pressure, or by count e.g number of students in a class, number of eggs laid by

hens in a year and number of hospitals in a country etc, is •called quantitative

classification. For example:

No. of boys: 0 1 2 3 4 5

No. of families : 15 11 22 23 50 50

(iii) Geographical or Spatial Classification:

Arrangement of data or

Objects into mutually exclusive classes according to geographical regions.

(areas of land) or locations (residential positions) e.g districts, divisions,

cities etc. is called Geographical or spatial classification.

 For example:

City :Karachi

No. of families : 20000

(iv) Chronological or temporal Classification:

Recording the data or objects according to time of occurrence

for example years, months, days,

hours etc. is called chronological or temporal classification. Temporal

arrangement of values at equal intervals is also called Time series.

 For example:

Time:8A.M

Temperature :22C Temperature

Tabulation

A set of rows and columns is called table and arrangement data in it is

tabulation. There are many types of tabulation for example simple, double or

complex etc depending upon the characteristics involved. A table has at least

four main parts which are explained and shown in the following table.

(i) TITLE:

Heading of table written in capital letters.

(ii) Stub•

Row captions i.e headings of rows.

(iii) Box-head: Column captions i.e headings of columns.

Main part of table where classified data is written.

(iv) Body:

All the main parts are shown in the following table.